The code throwing the exception was
var listViewWebPart = new ListViewWebPart { ListId = list.ID, ChromeType = PartChromeType.None, ViewGuid = list.Views[Constants.ViewNames.DocumentLibraryAllDocumentSets].ID.ToString("B").ToUpper() }; webPartManager.AddWebPart(listViewWebPart, "Top", 1);
The solution was to change ListViewWebPart to XsltListViewWebPart. Once I did that the problem went away.